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    • 专利摘要:
    A monitoring device for an insulated electrical network (2) of a photovoltaic system (4) is presented. The monitoring device comprises a short-circuit measuring circuit with a first electrical measuring conductor (12) for connecting a first electrical pole (8) of the photovoltaic system (4) via at least one protective component (13) to a reference point (20) and a second electrical measuring circuit conductor (14) for connecting a second electrical pole ( 10) of the photovoltaic system (4) via at least one protective component (13) with the earth point (20). It further comprises a first component (16) connected between one of the measuring circuit conductors (12, 14) and the reference point (20), and measuring means (22) for measuring an electrical characteristic of the first component (16), wherein an amount of the non-zero characteristic and / or a change the amount of the characteristic indicates an electrical connection of the photovoltaic system (4) to the reference point (20).
    公开号:AT13822U1
    申请号:TGM369/2011U
    申请日:2011-06-30
    公开日:2014-09-15
    发明作者:
    申请人:Phoenix Contact Gmbh & Co；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Austrian Patent Office AT13 822U1 2014-09-15
    description
    MONITORING DEVICE FOR AN ISOLATED NETWORK OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC PLANT
    FIELD OF THE INVENTION
    The invention relates to a monitoring device for an isolated constructed network of a photovoltaic system.
    BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    Electrical networks of a photovoltaic system are in small and medium. Network sizes often constructed isolated for reasons of practicality. This has the advantage that, for example, in the case of a ground fault of one of the electrical poles, only the potential of this pole is shifted to the earth potential. The electrical network is thus "fault-proof", since a single earth fault shows no or hardly any adverse effects during operation.
    Another advantage of an isolated network is the exhaustion of the full potential difference between the two electrical poles and thus the maximum power of the photovoltaic system.
    For smaller and medium-sized systems, such a structure is possible if these systems are protected by an external lightning protection, such as the house lightning arrester. For large systems, lightning protection is more difficult to realize, which is why they are typically grounded on one side.
    This, however, a higher error rate is accepted, since the network is no longer built Einfehlersicher. In addition, it may happen that there is no need for a certain part of the output that can be generated. This is because the earth potential can be higher regularly or has a value different from zero.
    Another reason for the grounding of the isolated electrical network is the high operating voltage of large photovoltaic systems, which can go into the range of several 1000 volts, currently a range up to 1000 volts is common.
    Ordinary earth fault monitors are installed for low-voltage power networks between the grid and a ground point. In such an installation is disadvantageous that a capacitive grounding is not measurable. In addition, a "misjudgment " a misalignment voltage between grid connection and earth potential lead to false alarm. This is due to a fluctuating earth potential and possibly a weather-dependent coupling impedance of the network to the earth point. Furthermore, there are no "symmetric " Isolation error recognizable. Symmetrical insulation faults are faults that occur at both electrical poles of the electrical network. Finally, passive earth fault monitors are not used for such normal earth fault monitors for sensitive measurements, but active earth fault monitors must be used. This is not or only partially possible with commonly used line inverters in photovoltaic systems.
    GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    The invention is therefore based on the task to provide a monitoring device for photovoltaic systems, which eliminates or at least alleviates the problems mentioned and also offers the possibility for large photovoltaic systems to use an insulated electrical network with high safety standard.
    The object of the invention is achieved by the subject matter of the independent claims. Advantageous developments of the invention are defined in the subclaims. [0010] According to the invention, a monitoring device is presented which is able to detect a possible ground fault of at least one electrical pole of the photovoltaic system.
    The photovoltaic system has an insulated electrical network with a first and a second electrical pole. In an isolated electrical network usually no pole of the photovoltaic system is connected to a ground point. A connection to a ground point is only possible if an error occurs, such as a short circuit of one of the electrical poles in the form of one of the electrical lines within the photovoltaic system with a ground point.
    A ground point can be any faulty electrical connection point, which is connected to a pole of the photovoltaic system, such as a ground connection of a lightning arrester. In particular, these are also connection points of other electrical networks, wherein a connection to another electrical network, such as the household power grid, can also be done indirectly, for example via electrical equipment or leakage currents.
    To monitor a ground fault or more generally an electrical fault, an electrical measuring circuit according to the invention is connected to the photovoltaic system, wherein a first electrical measuring circuit conductor with the first electrical pole of the photovoltaic system and a second electrical measuring circuit conductor is connected to the second electrical pole of the photovoltaic system. The measuring circuit conductors thus connect to a first end each one electrical pole of the photovoltaic system. The two electrical measuring circuit conductors form a short-circuit circuit of the isolated network of the photovoltaic system, wherein for limiting the current flowing through the measuring circuit conductor from the photovoltaic system, both measuring circuit conductors are preferably designed with high resistance. The short-circuit measuring circuit thus formed accordingly constitutes an additional device attached to the electrical network of the photovoltaic system for measuring and monitoring purposes. Both electrical measuring circuit conductors are connected at their second ends opposite the poles of the PV system to a reference point which coincides with the electrical failure of the photovoltaic system has a common reference potential. This can be for example a ground point.
    A reference point referred to below as a ground point is therefore an error case of the photovoltaic system and the opposite ends of the poles of the PV system second ends of the measuring circuit conductor electrically connecting common reference potential. A ground fault is the electrical connection to this common reference potential.
    Between one of the measuring circuit conductor and the ground point, a first electronic component is connected. The monitoring device further comprises a measuring device for measuring an electrical parameter of the first component. In particular, the measuring device has two input lines, so-called channels, in order to obtain the magnitude of the electrical parameter at measuring points in front of and behind the first component, in particular by subtraction.
    In the event that there is no earth fault or fault in the photovoltaic system, flows through the electronic component no or only a small amount of power to the earth point or away from the earth point. An amount of the electrical characteristic variable not equal to zero and / or a change in the amount of the characteristic value accordingly indicates a ground fault of the photovoltaic system. The presence of a ground fault is thus detected in response to an amount of the electrical characteristic variable not equal to zero and / or to a change in the amount of the electrical characteristic of the first electronic component.
    In a preferred embodiment of the monitoring device, the first component in the measuring circuit, and there in the first measuring circuit conductor, connected. Furthermore, the monitoring device has a second component, which is connected in the measuring circuit in the second measuring circuit conductor. The two electrical measuring circuit conductors are also connected in this embodiment of the monitoring device with a ground point. The measuring circuit conductors each connect one electrical pole of the photovoltaic system on the other side. [0018] In the case of a possible ground fault, such a monitoring device can detect the fault location such that the location can be limited to one of the two electrical poles of the photovoltaic system and the fault location of the ground fault can thus be better detected.
    In this preferred embodiment, the measuring device measures the electrical characteristic of the first and the second component. For this purpose, the measuring device preferably has three channels in order to obtain the magnitude of the electrical parameter at measuring points in front of the first, between the first and the second and behind the second component, in particular by subtraction.
    Optionally, for the measurement of the electrical characteristic of the two components depending on a separate circuit for measuring the electrical characteristic can be used and the signal obtained are fed to a comparator circuit. This arrangement is also understood as a measuring device.
    Optionally, the measuring device has a memory for storing parameters of the components to be measured, in particular the impedance and / or the temperature behavior of the impedance of the component or the components.
    The monitoring device preferably further comprises a comparator circuit for comparing the magnitude of the electrical characteristic of the first and the second component. The comparator circuit is in particular an analogue comparator. Preferably, the comparator circuit is an analog-to-digital converter with a downstream microcontroller, so that the amounts of the electrical characteristics converted into digital signals and these are compared in particular directly in the downstream microcontroller. In particular, the microcontroller can calculate deviations between the amounts of the electrical characteristics of the components. In the case of deviations, the microcontroller can preferably forward an information signal, so that further measures, e.g. an error indication or protective measures are possible.
    The electrical characteristic is in particular the voltage dropping across the first or second component or the electrical current flowing through the first or second component.
    The electronic components are in particular impedances, such as ohmic resistances.
    The high-impedance connection of the electrical poles of the photovoltaic system is realized in particular in each case via a chain of series-connected protective impedances. Advantageously, hereby air and creepage distances for both poles of the photovoltaic system are created, so that a greater spatial distance is bridged. This is advantageous for separating the voltage from ground potential when using a voltage above 400V.
    Optionally, the monitoring device triggers in response to the detection of a ground fault suitable signal and / or protective measures, such as an optical or acoustic signaling or the separation of the electrical network of other facilities, such as inverters, or a short-circuiting of the electrical network the photovoltaic system. For the monitoring device, the signal and / or protective measures are therefore suitable to avert danger to humans and / or equipment.
    In the following the invention with reference to embodiments and with reference to the figures will be explained in more detail, wherein the same and similar elements are partially provided with the same reference numerals and the features of the various embodiments can be combined.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
    FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of the invention with a monitoring device for an electrical measuring circuit conductor of a short-circuit measuring circuit. FIG. 2 An embodiment of the invention with a. FIG Monitoring Device for Two Electric Measuring Circuit Conductors Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6
    An embodiment of the invention with a chain of protective impedances The embodiment as shown in FIG. 3 with an error case marked The embodiment as in FIG. 3 with an alternative fault case drawn in The embodiment as in FIG. 2 with an alternative connection to the earth point
    DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
    1 shows a first embodiment of an insulated electrical network according to the invention 2 of a photovoltaic system 4. The network 2 is connected by means of a first and second electrical pole 8, 10 to a connection terminal 6. An electrical measuring circuit is also connected by means of a first and second electrical measuring circuit conductors 12, 14 to the connection terminal 6 and thus to the first and second poles of the photovoltaic system. In order to avoid high currents through the measuring circuit and high losses via the measuring circuit, a protective component 13, in particular a protective impedance, is connected in the first and second measuring circuit conductors 12, 14 of the measuring circuit. The protective impedances are ohmic resistors in the present example. If electrical alternating fields are to be measured, the protective components 13 are capacitors.
    The electrical measuring circuit is connected at the other end to a ground point 20. Between the measuring circuit conductors 12, 14 and the earth point 20, a first component 16 is connected. In particular, the first component 16 is also an impedance, e.g. an ohmic resistance, wherein the amount of resistance of the first component 16 does not have to correspond to the amount of resistance of the protective components 13.
    In order to keep the voltage drop across the first component 16 low compared to the protective components 13, the amount of resistance of the first component 16 is selected to be significantly smaller than that of the protective components 13. In particular, the magnitude of the resistance of the first device 16 is less than the magnitude of the protection devices 13 by an order of 1000. In the examples shown, the protection devices have an ohmic resistance in the range of Ω, the first device 16 has an ohmic resistance in the range of kΩ ,
    Is the isolated electrical network 2 without errors, ie in particular without an incorrect, i. E. unwanted, ground connection, is formed between the terminal terminal 6 via the first electrical measuring circuit conductor 12 and the second electrical measuring circuit conductor 14, a closed circuit, wherein the protective components 13 are selected so that the current prevailing there is very small.
    When measuring the electrical parameter on the first component 16 by means of the measuring and / or evaluation device 22, the electrical parameter provides the result of whether a fault condition of the network is present. If no or only a very small current flows out of the network or into the network via the first component 16 in the embodiment shown, then there is no ground fault. The measured electrical characteristic here is the voltage drop across the resistor 16 from the voltage can be closed on the electric current.
    Preferably, the voltage at the first component 16 is measured by a respective tap before and after the first component 16 leads to the measuring and / or evaluation device 22. The tap in front of the first component 16 is referred to as CH1, channel 1, the tap after the first component 16 as CH2, channel 2. The amount of measured electrical characteristic, for the embodiment shown, the electrical voltage is converted directly by means of an analog-to-digital converter 24 (ADC 24) into a digital signal. The further evaluation of the digital signal takes place via a microcontroller 26.
    In case of an error, ie an unwanted ground connection of one of the poles 8, 10 of the isolated electrical network 2 of the photovoltaic system 4, either a current flow in the measuring circuit between the first and second measuring circuit conductors 12, 14 occur and by 4/15 Austrian Patent Office AT 13 822 U1 2014-09-15 the first component 16 flow, or there will be a current flow out of the measuring circuit and also flow through the first component 16. In both cases, ie both in the event of a fault on the first electrical pole 8 and in the event of a fault on the second electrical pole 10, the fault will be detected by means of the first component 16.
    The error case is detected when a predetermined threshold value of the amount of electrical characteristic on the first component 16, in this example, the voltage dropping across the component 16, is exceeded.
    FIG. 2 shows a further embodiment of the invention, which comprises a second component 18 in addition to the first component 16. In this case, the electrical parameters of the first component 16 and of the second component 18 are measured and evaluated by the measuring and / or evaluation device 22. Also, the magnitude of the ohmic resistance of the second device 18, like the value of the first device 16, is set smaller than the values of the protection devices 13 to reduce the voltage drop across the ADC 24.
    In order to compensate for the influence exerted by the first component 16 on the first electrical measuring circuit conductor 12, for example a change in the total resistance, a compensating component 15 is installed in the second measuring circuit conductor 14. The first component 16, the second component 18 and the compensating component 15 ideally have the same ohmic resistance. If the resistances of the first and second component 16, 18 are so far different that the desired precision is not achieved, the measuring and / or evaluation device 22 comprises a compensating calculation or an analogue compensation of the resistances. For this purpose, the microcontroller 26 comprises a memory in which the resistances of the components used are stored. For example, in a calculation by means of the microcontroller 26, a multiplier for the amount of one of the obtained digital signals can be provided, whereby moreover also an adaptation of the measuring and / or evaluation electronics to the used components 16, 18 is made possible, e.g. when the components are replaced.
    For measuring the electrical parameter, in this case the electrical voltage at the two components 16, 18, a tap is taken at three points: in front of the second component 18, designated CH1 (channel 1) in FIG. 2, between the two components 16 18, designated as CH2 in FIG. 2, and after the first component 16, designated as CH3 in FIG.
    The above-mentioned type of interconnection with the tap at the three points (CH1, CH2, CH3) makes it possible to make do with a measurement of the electrical characteristic on two components 16, 18 nevertheless only with three measuring points. Thus, the potential difference between CH1 and CH2 as well as between CH2 and CH3 can be measured. The measured potentials are converted by an analog-to-digital converter 24 into digital signals. By means of simple digital difference formation, the magnitude of the potential difference on the second component 18 is determined according to U2 = CH1-CH2, and the magnitude of the potential difference on the first component 16 is determined as U1 = CH2-CH3.
    The connection of the ADC 24 shown in Figure 2 to a ground point by means of voltage divider (U + and U-) allows the measurement of both positive and negative voltages, with only half the possible voltage range of the ADC can be used. Depending on the application, this or a connection option shown with Figure 6 is used.
    FIG. 3 shows a further embodiment of the invention in which a chain of protective components 13 is installed in both measuring circuit conductors 12, 14. Protective and creepage distances for high voltages are formed by means of the chain of protective components 13, since only a part of the total voltage of the insulated electrical network 2 of the photovoltaic system 4 drops at each protective component 13. Thus, and by the distance formation by means of the juxtaposition of the protective components 13, even at high operating voltages, in particular at 1000 V and above, a secure electrical separation of the electrical network 2 from the earth's environment of the earth point 20 is ensured. [0049] It can be seen that the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 can also have such a chain of protective components 13.
    In FIG. 3, S1 also shows the current flow for the fault-free case. The arrows 11 to I4 symbolize the expected currents. For the fault-free case shown in FIG. 3, in the exemplary embodiment shown, 11 = I 2 = I 3; I4 = 0. So no current flows to the earth point or from the earth point to the grid. The homogeneous current flow at 11, I2 and I3 can be determined via CH1, CH2 and CH3 with the measuring and / or evaluation device. This represents the normal state, which can be monitored by means of the monitoring device shown.
    FIG. 4 shows the embodiment shown in FIG. 3 with an error case shown with a dashed line. The fault (earth fault) at the first electrical pole 8 of the photovoltaic system 4 is an asymmetrical error, it leads to a change of the current flow in the monitoring device, as shown by the current flow S2 and the arrows 11 to I4 symbolically. The current flow will lead in the case of error from the second electrical pole 10 to the earth point 20 and via a common reference potential connection to the pole 8. Accordingly, in the event of a fault, a different current flow occurs between the first component 16 and the second component 18, which can be ascertained by means of the measuring and evaluation device 22. At a complete, resistance-free termination of the first electrical pole 8 with the common reference potential point 20, the current flow through the first electrical measuring circuit conductor 12 will disappear, i. to I3 = 0 A, as illustrated in Figure 4. The error shown here can thus be detected by comparing the current flow through the first component 16 with that through the second component 18. At approximately the same amount of current flow, the network is assumed to be faultless. In the case of a clear difference, defined by threshold values, between the two current flows through the first component 16 or the second component 18, there is a fault.
    In the microcontroller, in the simplest case, the result of the measurement for the first potential difference U1 (CH3-CH2) is divided by the result of the second potential difference measurement U2 (CH2-CH1). A deviation from the result U1 / U2 = 1 beyond defined thresholds yields as a result an indication of an existing error case.
    Optionally, further detection and / or protective measures can be initiated after detection of the error, such as the activation of a warning lamp or a warning tone or the disconnection and / or short-circuiting of the entire electrical network 2 of the photovoltaic system 4 to protect the environment as persons and / or devices.
    FIG. 5 likewise shows the embodiment from FIG. 3 with another error case. The error case is a ground fault at the second electrical pole 10 of the photovoltaic system 4 and also represents an asymmetrical error case, which can be determined via an altered current flow in the monitoring device. As shown in Figure 5 with the current flow S3 and the arrows 11 to I4, the current from the second electrical pole 10 via a common reference potential connection (in this example, an undesirable ground connection) to the reference point 20 (in this example, earth point 20) and through the first electrical measuring circuit conductor 12 again flow into the photovoltaic system 4. As in the embodiment of Figure 4, the electrical characteristic of the first component 16 has a different amount than that of the second component 18. In the case shown in Figure 5, the characteristic is the voltage dropping across the resistor 16, from that to the through the resistor 16 flowing electricity is closed.
    FIG. 6 shows a further embodiment of the invention. FIG. 6 differs from FIG. 2 by an alternative construction of the measuring and / or evaluating device 22 and by a jointly executed earth point 20.
    The diode V1 decouples the short-circuit measuring circuit from the ground point 20, the supply voltage vcc fed via the resistor R31 a defined voltage to compensate for the threshold voltage of the diode V1. The analog-to-digital converter 24 is connected directly to the earth point 20 in the embodiment shown in FIG. The embodiment shown makes the measuring method shown, in particular the short-circuit measuring circuit, less susceptible to ground potential fluctuations, since the measuring method shown with FIGS. 2 to 6 manages with a direct potential comparison of the two measuring circuit conductors and the current flow with respect to the reference point need not necessarily be measured. In this exemplary embodiment, only the measurement of positive voltages at the ADC 24 is thus possible, with the full voltage range of the ADC 24 being available. An offset for the measurement on the first component 16 is furthermore predefined by V1, so that a measurement is possible there with the circuit shown.
    The measurement of the second component 18 allows in all embodiments shown by means of further processing in the microcontroller 26, a conclusion on the total system voltage of the PV system.
    It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the embodiments described above are to be understood as exemplary, and the invention is not limited to these, but can be varied in many ways, without departing from the invention. Furthermore, it will be understood that the features, independently as they are disclosed in the specification, claims, figures, or otherwise, also individually define essential components of the invention, even if described together with other features.
    REFERENCE LIST 2 Insulated electrical network of the photovoltaic system 4 Photovoltaic system 6 Connection terminal 8 First electrical pole of the photovoltaic system 10 Second electrical pole of the photovoltaic system 12 First electrical measuring circuit conductor of the short circuit measuring circuit 13 Protective component 14 Second electrical measuring circuit conductor of the short circuit measuring circuit 15 Compensating component 16 First component 18 Second component 20 Reference point 22 Measuring and / or evaluation device 24 Analog-to-digital converter 26 Microcontroller 7/15
    权利要求:
    Claims (14)
    [1]
    Austrian Patent Office AT 13 822 U1 2014-09-15 Claims 1. Monitoring device for an insulated electrical network (2) of a photovoltaic system (4), having a short-circuit measuring circuit comprising a first electrical measuring circuit conductor (12) for connecting a first electrical pole (8) the photovoltaic system (4) has at least one protective component (13) with a reference point (20) and a second electrical measuring circuit conductor (14) for connecting a second electrical pole (10) of the photovoltaic system (4) via at least one protective component (13) to the reference point (20), wherein the two measuring circuit conductors (12, 14) together form a short circuit between the two electrical poles (8, 10) of the photovoltaic system, a first component connected between one of the measuring circuit conductors (12, 14) and the reference point (20) ( 16) and a measuring device (22) for measuring an electrical characteristic of the first component (16), wherein in response to an amount d he characteristic variable not equal to zero and / or a change in the amount of the characteristic an electrical closure of the photovoltaic system (4) with the reference point (20) is detectable.
    [2]
    2. Monitoring device according to claim 2, further comprising a second component (18) inserted into the second measuring circuit conductor (14) of the short-circuit measuring circuit, the first component (16) being used to measure an electrical parameter in the first electrical measuring circuit conductor (12) in the short-circuit measuring circuit ,
    [3]
    3. Monitoring device according to the preceding claim, wherein the measuring device (22) for measuring the electrical characteristic of the first and the second component (16, 18) is formed :.
    [4]
    4. Monitoring device according to one of claims 2 or 3, wherein the measuring device (22) comprises a comparator circuit (24, 26) for comparing the amount of the electrical characteristic of the first and the second component (16,18), wherein the comparator circuit (24, 26) recognizes an electrical circuit of the isolated electrical network (2) with the reference point (20) at different magnitude of the electrical characteristic.
    [5]
    5. Monitoring device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrical characteristic is the voltage dropping at the first or second component (16, 18) or the electrical current flowing through the first or second component (16, 18).
    [6]
    6. Monitoring device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first and / or second component (16,18) is each an impedance.
    [7]
    7. Monitoring device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the connection to the reference point (20) in each case via a chain of serially connected protective impedances (13) is implemented for bridging air and / or creepage distances.
    [8]
    8. Monitoring device according to claim 4 or claim 4 and one of the preceding claims, wherein in the comparator circuit (24, 26) an analog-to-digital converter (24) for converting the electrical characteristic into a digital signal and a microcontroller (26) for comparing the Digital signals and / or for calculating deviations is included.
    [9]
    9. Monitoring device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the measuring and evaluation device comprises a display device for displaying an error case and / or a protective device for short-circuiting or switching off the isolated electric network (2) in order to avert a possible danger to people and equipment. 8/15 Austrian Patent Office AT13 822U1 2014-09-15
    [10]
    10. photovoltaic system (4), comprising at least one photovoltaic module for generating electrical power, wherein the electrical network (2) of the photovoltaic system (4) as an isolated constructed electrical network (2) is formed and the monitoring device according to one of the preceding claims.
    [11]
    11. A method for safe operation of a photovoltaic system (4) with an insulated electrical network (2), in particular with a monitoring device according to one of claims 1 to 9, comprising the steps of: measuring the electrical characteristic of the first component (16) by means of the measurement - And evaluation device (22), evaluating the electrical characteristic of the first component (16) by means of the measuring and evaluation device (22) for determining the presence of a fault of the insulated electrical network (2) of the photovoltaic system (4).
    [12]
    12. The method according to the preceding claim, further comprising the steps of: measuring the electrical characteristic of the second component (18) by means of the measuring and evaluation device (22) so as to close the current flow through the second measuring circuit conductor (14), evaluating the electrical Characteristic of the second component (18) by means of the measuring and evaluation device (22), comparing the obtained electrical characteristics of the first and the second component (16,18) by means of the measuring and evaluation device (22).
    [13]
    13. The method according to any one of claims 11 or 12, further comprising the steps of: digitizing the electrical characteristic by means of the analog-to-digital converter (24), processing of the digital signals by means of the microcontroller (26) for comparison and / or for calculating deviations.
    [14]
    14. The method according to claim 11, further comprising the steps of: displaying an error case by means of the display device and / or protecting the photovoltaic system (4) by means of the protective device, in which the network (2) is activated in response to an amount indicating an error electrical characteristic is shorted or switched off. For this 6 sheets drawings 9/15
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    法律状态:
    2017-02-15| MM01| Lapse because of not paying annual fees|Effective date: 20160630 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    DE102011016700|2011-04-11|
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